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Eurovision Song Contest 1982

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Eurovision Song Contest 1982
Dates
Final24 April 1982
Host
VenueHarrogate International Centre
Harrogate, United Kingdom
Presenter(s)Jan Leeming
Executive producerMichael Hurll
DirectorMichael Hurll
Musical directorRonnie Hazlehurst
EBU scrutineerFrank Naef
Host broadcasterBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Websiteeurovision.tv/event/harrogate-1982 Edit this at Wikidata
Participants
Number of entries18
Debuting countriesNone
Returning countriesNone
Non-returning countries
  • A coloured map of the countries of EuropeBelgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Italy in the Eurovision Song ContestNetherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Monaco in the Eurovision Song ContestLuxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Greece in the Eurovision Song ContestMalta in the Eurovision Song ContestAustria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982France in the Eurovision Song ContestTurkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982Morocco in the Eurovision Song ContestCyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982
         Competing countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1982
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song Germany
"Ein bißchen Frieden"
1981 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1983

The Eurovision Song Contest 1982 was the 27th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Harrogate, United Kingdom, following the country's victory at the 1981 contest with the song "Making Your Mind Up" by Bucks Fizz. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the contest was held at the Harrogate International Centre on 24 April 1982 and was hosted by English TV presenter and newsreader Jan Leeming.

Eighteen countries took part in the contest with Greece deciding not to enter this year. Due to internal issues, regarding a reform of telecommunications laws France was left without a broadcaster responsible for its participation for the first time in history.

The winner was Germany with the song "Ein bißchen Frieden" by Nicole. This was the first time that Germany had won the contest after having competed every year since the contest's inception. Germany received 1.61 times as many points as runner-up Israel, which was a record under the current scoring system until 2009, when Norway received 1.78 times as many points as Iceland. The song also cemented Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger, the song's composers, into German Eurovision tradition, writing 18 Eurovision songs between them before and after "Ein bißchen Frieden", 13 of which were for Germany.

Location

[edit]
Harrogate International Centre, Harrogate - host venue of the 1982 contest.

Harrogate is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town is a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its spa waters and RHS Harlow Carr gardens. Nearby is the Yorkshire Dales national park and the Nidderdale AONB. Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements, High Harrogate and Low Harrogate, in the 17th century. The town became known as 'The English Spa' in the Georgian Era, after its waters were discovered in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries its 'chalybeate' waters (containing iron) were a popular health treatment, and the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed significantly to the wealth of the town.

The Harrogate International Centre was chosen as the host venue for the contest.[1] The grand convention and exhibition centre opened short time prior to the contest, and was the first big event held in the main 2000-seat auditorium.

Participating countries

[edit]
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1982 – Participation summaries by country

With 18 participating countries, this was the last Eurovision contest to have such a low number of entries.

Greece was due to participate in the contest with the song "Sarantapente kopelies" performed by Themis Adamantidis. Although drawn to perform in position number 2, ERT withdrew a few weeks before the contest. According to press reports, Greek Minister of Culture and Sports Melina Mercouri had voiced her opposition to the chosen entry as being too low in quality.[2]

In November 1981, France's national broadcaster, TF1, declined to enter the Eurovision Song Contest for 1982, with the head of entertainment, Pierre Bouteiller, saying, "The absence of talent and the mediocrity of the songs is where annoyance sets in. [Eurovision is] a monument to insanity [sometimes translated as "drivel"]." Antenne 2 became the new broadcaster for Eurovision after public outcry, returning the country to the contest in 1983.

Eurovision Song Contest 1982 participants[3][4]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
 Austria ORF Mess "Sonntag" German
Richard Oesterreicher
 Belgium RTBF Stella "Si tu aimes ma musique" French
  • Fred Bekky
  • Bobott
  • Rony Brack
 Jack Say
 Cyprus CyBC Anna Vissi "Mono i agapi" (Μόνο η αγάπη) Greek Anna Vissi Martyn Ford
 Denmark DR Brixx "Video-Video" Danish Jens Brixtofte Allan Botschinsky
 Finland YLE Kojo "Nuku pommiin" Finnish
Ossi Runne
 Germany BR[a] Nicole "Ein bißchen Frieden" German
Norbert Daum
 Ireland RTÉ The Duskeys "Here Today, Gone Tomorrow" English Sally Keating Noel Kelehan
 Israel IBA Avi Toledano "Hora" (הורה) Hebrew
Silvio Nanssi Brandes
 Luxembourg CLT Svetlana "Cours après le temps" French
  • Cyril Assous
  • Michel Jouveaux
 Jean Claudric
 Netherlands NOS Bill van Dijk "Jij en ik" Dutch
Rogier van Otterloo
 Norway NRK Jahn Teigen and Anita Skorgan "Adieu" Norwegian
Sigurd Jansen
 Portugal RTP Doce "Bem bom" Portuguese
Luis Duarte
 Spain TVE Lucía "Él" Spanish
Miguel Ángel Varona
 Sweden SVT Chips "Dag efter dag" Swedish
Anders Berglund
  Switzerland SRG SSR Arlette Zola "Amour on t'aime" French
Joan Amils
 Turkey TRT Neco "Hani?" Turkish
  • Faik Tuğsuz
  • Olcayto Ahmet Tuğsuz
 Garo Mafyan
 United Kingdom BBC Bardo "One Step Further" English Simon Jefferis Ronnie Hazlehurst
 Yugoslavia JRT Aska "Halo, halo" (Хало, хало) Serbo-Croatian
Zvonimir Skerl

Returning artists

[edit]
Artist Country Previous year(s)
Stella Maessen  Belgium 1970 (for  Netherlands, as part of Hearts of Soul), 1977 (as part of Dream Express)
Anita Skorgan  Norway 1977, 1979, 1981 (as backing vocalist for Finn Kalvik)
Jahn Teigen  Norway 1978
Fatima Padinha (as part of Doce)  Portugal 1978 (as part of Gemini)
Teresa Miguel (as part of Doce)  Portugal 1978 (as part of Gemini)
Olcayto Ahmet Tuğsuz (as backing singer for Neco)  Turkey 1978 (as part of Nazar)
Anna Vissi  Cyprus 1980 (for  Greece, along with the Epikouri)
Sally Ann Triplett (as part of Bardo)  United Kingdom 1980 (as part of Prima Donna)

Format

[edit]

The opening of the contest showed a map of Europe, with the translation "Where is Harrogate?" popping up on-screen from the languages of the various countries. The question was always in the language in which the respective country's song was performed, with the exception of Ireland. The Irish entry was sung in English, but the translation of the question in the map was in Irish. Then the map zoomed into Harrogate's location in Yorkshire, followed by an introduction video spotlighting the town.

This year, before the postcard of a specific country (with the exceptions of Israel, who had no commentator, and Yugoslavia, whose commentators were in their own country), the camera would zoom into the commentary box of that country's broadcaster, where the commentator/s would give a hand gesture, e.g. wave. The postcard would start with the country's flag on the screen and an excerpt of the country's national anthem (though in the case of the host country, the UK, the song played was "Land of Hope and Glory" instead of "God Save the Queen", while the Israeli postcard began with an excerpt of "Hava Nagila"[6] instead of "Hatikvah"). The postcards themselves, utilizing state-of-the-art video technology (for its time), were a montage of footage of the artist in Harrogate town or at the International Flower Festival. Some of the postcards also incorporated footage from the preview videos submitted by each organization, the first time the contest had utilised the clips in the broadcast. Only the preview videos which did not consist of a performance of the song from the national final were used. Also, postcards used either a popular song or tune from the country being shown or a song performed at previous editions of Eurovision (i.e. for the Yugoslav entry, "Jedan dan" from 1968 was used, and for Israel, the winning song "Hallelujah" by Milk and Honey from 1979 was used). After the conclusion of the video clip, Jan Leeming introduced the conductor and then the artist for each nation.

Contest overview

[edit]

Germany had the advantage of performing last. After coming second in The Hague in 1980 and second in Dublin in 1981, Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger took the first win for Germany. The winner, Nicole, beat the nearest competition by 61 points and over 13 million West Germans watched her victory on television. Germany was the commanding leader for nearly the entire voting process.

Nicole went on to sing the reprise of her song in English, French and Dutch, as well as German, to the delight of the invited audience in Harrogate Conference Centre who stood up to applaud her. The English version (also produced by Siegel and Robert Jung [de]) of her Eurovision winner, A Little Peace, subsequently shot to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart.[7][8]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1982[9]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1  Portugal Doce "Bem bom" 32 13
2  Luxembourg Svetlana "Cours après le temps" 78 6
3  Norway Jahn Teigen and Anita Skorgan "Adieu" 40 12
4  United Kingdom Bardo "One Step Further" 76 7
5  Turkey Neco "Hani?" 20 15
6  Finland Kojo "Nuku pommiin" 0 18
7   Switzerland Arlette Zola "Amour on t'aime" 97 3
8  Cyprus Anna Vissi "Mono i agapi" 85 5
9  Sweden Chips "Dag efter dag" 67 8
10  Austria Mess "Sonntag" 57 9
11  Belgium Stella "Si tu aimes ma musique" 96 4
12  Spain Lucía "Él" 52 10
13  Denmark Brixx "Video-Video" 5 17
14  Yugoslavia Aska "Halo, halo" 21 14
15  Israel Avi Toledano "Hora" 100 2
16  Netherlands Bill van Dijk "Jij en ik" 8 16
17  Ireland The Duskeys "Here Today, Gone Tomorrow" 49 11
18  Germany Nicole "Ein bißchen Frieden" 161 1

Spokespersons

[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1982 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

[edit]

Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.

Detailed voting results[12][13]
Total score
Portugal
Luxembourg
Norway
United Kingdom
Turkey
Finland
Switzerland
Cyprus
Sweden
Austria
Belgium
Spain
Denmark
Yugoslavia
Israel
Netherlands
Ireland
Germany
Contestants
 Portugal 32 7 4 5 2 1 6 1 4 2
Luxembourg 78 6 7 6 3 7 2 8 5 4 5 7 10 8
Norway 40 6 4 4 6 2 2 6 10
United Kingdom 76 4 12 6 10 4 5 3 12 1 2 6 2 1 7 1
Turkey 20 8 3 1 3 3 2
Finland 0
Switzerland 97 2 2 4 12 2 6 2 10 12 7 10 10 10 8
Cyprus 85 5 4 12 3 8 8 5 3 7 5 7 12 6
Sweden 67 7 3 8 5 3 4 8 5 4 8 2 5 3 2
Austria 57 10 7 7 6 8 6 4 4 5
Belgium 96 8 5 5 2 6 5 2 8 7 4 10 10 7 6 3 4 4
Spain 52 1 8 6 7 10 4 1 8 7
Denmark 5 3 1 1
Yugoslavia 21 4 1 12 1 3
Israel 100 10 10 1 1 12 10 2 10 7 7 6 1 3 8 12
Netherlands 8 3 5
Ireland 49 1 2 7 1 6 5 5 3 5 8 3 3
Germany 161 12 10 8 12 10 12 12 8 1 10 12 12 12 12 6 12

12 points

[edit]

Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:

N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
9  Germany  Cyprus,  Denmark,  Ireland,  Israel,  Portugal,  Spain,   Switzerland,  Turkey,  Yugoslavia
2  Cyprus  Netherlands,  Norway
 Israel  Finland,  Germany
  Switzerland  Belgium,  United Kingdom
 United Kingdom  Austria,  Luxembourg
1  Yugoslavia  Sweden

Broadcasts

[edit]

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[14]

The contest was reportedly broadcast in 31 countries, with approximately 300 million television viewers and 200 million radio listeners following the contest.[15] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref(s)
 Austria ORF FS2 Ernst Grissemann [16][17]
 Belgium RTBF RTBF1 Jacques Mercier [18][19]
RTBF Radio 1, Bruxelles 21 [18]
BRT TV1 Luc Appermont [20][21]
 Cyprus CyBC RIK [22]
 Denmark DR DR TV Jørgen de Mylius [23]
 Finland YLE TV1 Erkki Toivanen [19][24]
Rinnakkaisohjelma [fi] [24]
 Germany ARD Deutsches Fernsehen Ado Schlier [de] [25][26]
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ 1 Larry Gogan [19][27]
RTÉ Radio 1 Pat Kenny [28]
 Israel IBA Israeli Television, Reshet Bet [he] [29][30]
 Luxembourg CLT RTL Télé-Luxembourg Jacques Navadic and Marylène Bergmann [fr] [31]
 Netherlands NOS Nederland 2 Pim Jacobs [21]
 Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet Bjørn Scheele [32]
NRK[b] Erik Heyerdahl [no]
 Portugal RTP RTP1 Fialho Gouveia [19][33]
 Spain TVE TVE 1 Miguel de los Santos [es] [34][35]
 Sweden SVT TV1 Ulf Elfving [36]
RR [sv] SR P3 Kent Finell [37]
  Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS[c] Theodor Haller [de] [25][38]
TSR Georges Hardy [fr]
TSI[c] Giovanni Bertini [19][39]
 Turkey TRT TRT Televizyon Ümit Tunçağ [40][41]
 United Kingdom BBC BBC1 Terry Wogan [42]
BBC Radio 2 Ray Moore [43]
 Yugoslavia JRT TV Beograd 1, TV Novi Sad, TV Zagreb 1 Oliver Mlakar [44][45][46][47]
TV Koper-Capodistria [48]
TV Ljubljana 1 [sl]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref(s)
 Czechoslovakia ČST ČST1[d] [49]
 Hungary MTV MTV1[e] [50]
 Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið[f] Pálmi Jóhannesson [51]
 Jordan JTV JTV2 [52]
 Poland TP TP1[g] [53]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[5]
  2. ^ Deferred broadcast at 22:40 (CEST)[32]
  3. ^ a b Broadcast through a second audio programme on TSR[38]
  4. ^ Delayed broadcast on 21 May 1982 at 22:00 (CEST)[49]
  5. ^ Delayed broadcast on 15 May 1982 at 21:10 (CEST)[50]
  6. ^ Delayed broadcast on 30 April 1982 at 22:10 (WET)[51]
  7. ^ Delayed broadcast on 23 May 1982 at 15:45 (CEST)[53]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Harrogate calling: When Eurovision came to Yorkshire". Bbc.co.uk. 24 April 2022. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  2. ^ "Christie singt für ihren Mann und Griechenland". Abendzeitung (in German). 22 April 1983. p. 17. ISSN 0177-5367. OCLC 1367315706.
  3. ^ "Harrogate 1982 – Participants". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 86–103. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  5. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Robert Jung". hitparade.ch (in German). Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  8. ^ "a little peace - full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Harrogate 1982 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  10. ^ Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna (in Swedish). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 158–159. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.
  11. ^ Dinçer, Mehmet (24 April 1982). "Neco, Eurovision'da şans arıyor". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey. p. 5. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
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  13. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1982 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  14. ^ "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  15. ^ "Platz eins für das Lied 'Ein bißchen Frieden'" [First place for the song 'Ein bißchen Frieden']. Der Nordschleswiger (in German). Aabenraa, Denmark. 26 April 1982. p. 12. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
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  27. ^ "Entertainment – RTÉ 1 – Saturday". The Irish Times Weekend. Dublin, Ireland. 24 April 1982. p. 8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
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  29. ^ "שבת – טלוויזיה" [Saturday – Television]. Davar (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. 23 April 1982. p. 54. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
  30. ^ "רדיו שבת – 24.4.82" [Radio Shabat – 24.4.82]. Davar (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. 23 April 1982. p. 56. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
  31. ^ "Samstag, 24. April" [Saturday 24 April]. Revue Agenda (in French and German). No. 17. 24–30 April 1982. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024 – via National Library of Luxembourg.
  32. ^ a b "TV Radio programmene" [TV Radio programmes]. Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian). Sandefjord, Norway. 24 April 1982. p. 2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
  33. ^ "Televisão – Hoje" [Television – Today]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal. 24 April 1982. p. 21. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via Casa Comum.
  34. ^ "1er programa – Programacion" [1st program – Programming]. Pueblo [es] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. 24 April 1982. p. 39. Retrieved 1 July 2024 – via Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica [es].
  35. ^ De Santiago, José P. (24 April 1982). "El Eurofestival-82" [The Eurofestival-82]. Pueblo [es] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. p. 40. Retrieved 1 July 2024 – via Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica [es].
  36. ^ "tv-programmen" [tv programmes]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 24 April 1982. p. 23.
  37. ^ "radioprogrammen" [radio programmes]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 24 April 1982. p. 23.
  38. ^ a b "TV – samedi 24 avril" [TV – Saturday 24 April]. Radio TV – Je vois tout (in French). No. 16. Lausanne, Switzerland. 22 April 1982. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 12 January 2023 – via Scriptorium.
  39. ^ "Oggi e domani sul video – Sabato" [Today and tomorrow on video – Saturday]. Popolo e Libertà (in Italian). Bellinzona, Switzerland. 24 April 1982. p. 12. Retrieved 1 November 2024 – via Sistema bibliotecario ticinese [it].
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  41. ^ Öztürk, Ümran (10 December 2017). "Ümit Tunçağ'la zamanda yolucuk" [Traveling through time with Ümit Tunçağ]. Vansesi Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  42. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1982 – BBC1". Radio Times. 24 April 1982. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 – via BBC Genome Project.
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  44. ^ "Телевизија" [Television]. Borba (in Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic script)). Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia. 24 April 1982. p. 14. Retrieved 27 May 2024 – via Belgrade University Library.
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  46. ^ "RTZ TV Program – subota, 24. travnja – prvi program" [RTZ TV Program – Saturday, 24 April – first program]. Glas Podravine (in Serbo-Croatian). Koprivnica, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia. 23 April 1982. p. 12. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  47. ^ Milenković, Branko (May 1982). "Grlom u – bulu" [Throat in the bull]. Osmica (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via Yugopapir.
  48. ^ "RTV – Televizija danes" [RTV – Television today]. Delo (in Slovenian). Ljubljana, SR Slovenia, Yugoslavia. 24 April 1982. p. 5. Retrieved 28 October 2024 – via Digital Library of Slovenia.
  49. ^ a b "pá 21. května" [Fri 21 May]. Rozhlasový týdeník [cs] (in Czech). No. 21. 10 May 1982. p. 15. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024 – via Kramerius [cs].
  50. ^ a b "TV – szombat május 15" [TV - Saturday May 15]. Rádió- és Televízió-újság (in Hungarian). 10 May 1982. p. 26. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 – via MTVA Archívum.
  51. ^ a b "Á skjánum – Föstudagur 30. apríl" [On screen – Friday 30 April]. Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). Reykjavík, Iceland. 30 April 1982. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 – via Timarit.is.
  52. ^ "Jordan Television – Channel 6". The Jordan Times. Amman, Jordan. 24 April 1982. p. 4. Retrieved 11 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  53. ^ a b "Telewizja — Niedziela" [Telewizja — Sunday]. Echo Dnia (in Polish). Kielce, Poland. 21–23 May 1982. p. 10. Retrieved 12 December 2024 – via Świętokrzyska Digital Library [pl].
[edit]
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